The Compassion Strategy
Race and the Gender Gap in Campaign 2000
VINCENT L. HUTCHINGS is an associate professor of political science, and research associate professor in the Center for Political Studies, at the University of Michigan. NICHOLAS A. VALENTINO is an associate professor of communications studies and political science, and research associate professor in the Center for Political Studies, at the University of Michigan. TASHA S. PHILPOT is an assistant professor in the Department of Government at the University of Texas at Austin. ISMAIL K. WHITE is an assistant professor in the Department of Government at the University of Texas at Austin. This research would not have been possible without the efforts of several researsch assistants, including Dmitri Williams, Lara Rusch, Matthew Beckmann, and Dara Faris.
Address correspondence to Vincent L. Hutchings; e-mail: vincenth{at}umich.edu.
Recent studies have shown that social "compassion" issues, and not those directly linked to women’s interests, seem to drive the gender gap in presidential vote choice. Some of these compassion issues are associated with the plight of racial minorities in the media and in the minds of average citizens. Drawing on theories of gender role socialization, we predict that traditional partisan stands on racial issues may help to explain the gender gap. Specifically, we hypothesize that the gap emerges because men and women react differently to cues about how compassionate candidates are toward vulnerable social groups. In one experiment, we manipulate news information regarding George W. Bush’s commitment to blacks versus women. The gender gap is maximized when Bush takes the traditional Republican stance, while it is reduced significantly when Bush espouses a more moderate position. The gender gap is unaffected by variation in the position that Bush takes on women’s issues. In another experiment, we also find that the gender gap emerges when traditional partisan appeals are racialized. Finally, exposure to the 2000 Republican National Convention, with its message of racial inclusion, boosted evaluations of Bush among women but not men.